We all know that we should use smart study strategies for learning。 But what is the science behind effective study strategies? The tips below come from scientific studies that examine the difference between memorizing for short term and learning for the long haul。

　　我們都希望使用高效的學(xué)習(xí)策略。但高效學(xué)習(xí)策略背后的原理是什么呢?下面的建議來自短期記憶和長(zhǎng)期的學(xué)習(xí)之間的區(qū)別研究。

　　1.Quiz Yourself Daily 每日自我測(cè)試

　　Studies have shown that the best way to remember the information you‘ve read or studied is to test yourself。 Why? It seems that the mere act of pulling information out of your brain and tucking it away again works like a sort of “body-building technique” for memories。 Through a process called retrieval practice， it seems that information becomes sturdier and more embedded as we exercise it。

　　研究表明，記憶閱讀和學(xué)習(xí)信息最好的方法便是自我測(cè)試。為什么是這樣?因?yàn)閷⑿畔�從大腦中提取出來的過程類似鍛煉身體。這一過程被稱為檢索訓(xùn)練，通過這樣的訓(xùn)練你可以更牢固地掌握知識(shí)。

　　2.Reduce Your Cell Phone Use 減少手機(jī)使用

　　It should come as no surprise that spending too much time on the cell phone can affect your grades。 But the relationship between phones and grades is not simple; it’s not just a matter of time spent wisely (or not)。

　　眾所周知，花太多時(shí)間在手機(jī)上會(huì)對(duì)你的成績(jī)帶來影響。但手機(jī)和成績(jī)之間的關(guān)系并不這么簡(jiǎn)單，它不僅僅和時(shí)間的合理分配有關(guān)。

　　Studies show that there is a relationship between cell phone use， anxiety， and student performance。

　　科學(xué)研究表明手機(jī)使用、焦慮程度和學(xué)習(xí)成效之間有一定的聯(lián)系。

　　Increased time on the phone seems to be linked to increased feelings of anxiety， and that leads to lower student performance。

　　增加手機(jī)的使用時(shí)間可能會(huì)增加焦慮的感覺，因此，會(huì)導(dǎo)致成績(jī)下降。

　　Another relationship has been noticed between increased time on cell phones and a decrease in physical activity。 Students who spend more time on phones， in other words， tend to be less active - which also causes a buildup of stress and anxiety。

　　另一個(gè)關(guān)系是花費(fèi)在手機(jī)上的時(shí)間越多，體育活動(dòng)的時(shí)間就會(huì)越少。換句話說學(xué)生花更多的時(shí)間在手機(jī)，上，往往會(huì)不太活躍，這也會(huì)導(dǎo)致壓力和焦慮的累積。

　　In fact， science also suggests that students who take part in aerobic exercise benefit from better long term memory。 It’s just a good policy to limit time on cell phones and increase physical activity。 By reducing the anxiety in your life and getting in better physical shape， you’ll free up your brain to learn and retain!

　　事實(shí)上，科學(xué)家還發(fā)現(xiàn)參加更多有氧鍛煉的學(xué)生更容易形成良好的長(zhǎng)期記憶力。因此，減少手機(jī)使用時(shí)間，增加體育鍛煉是很好的策略，通過減少你生活中的焦慮形成強(qiáng)健的體魄，你的學(xué)習(xí)能力和記憶能力都會(huì)更好。

　　3.Stop Trying to Memorize 告別死記硬背

　　Mnemonic devices are handy when you need to memorize a list of items that you intend to recall in the next day or two。 Memorization is a skill that comes in handy for short term memory。 But short term memory is only good if you’re cramming for a test and you don’t care about learning。 Long term memory is the goal for truly learning from the material that you cover in class。

　　當(dāng)你需要在一兩天后回憶一系列事物時(shí)，記憶輔助設(shè)備是很方便的。對(duì)于短期記憶來說，死記硬背較有幫助。但是你只應(yīng)對(duì)一次測(cè)試、不專注長(zhǎng)期學(xué)習(xí)效率時(shí)，短期記憶是合適的。長(zhǎng)期記憶的目標(biāo)是真正學(xué)習(xí)課堂的知識(shí)。

　　A recent study shows that memorization impairs your ability to recall details - and that can be a problem if you’re taking a test with essay or multiple choice questions!

　　最近的一項(xiàng)研究表明死記硬背會(huì)損害你回憶細(xì)節(jié)的能力——如果你做文章測(cè)試或多選題時(shí)這可能是一個(gè)問題。!

　　To commit information to your long term memory， you will need to venture beyond memorizing facts。 You must strive to gain a meaningful understanding of concepts beyond the words and names on your list of terms。 This leads to true learning - as opposed to short-term memorization。 Long term memory comes from getting active with material and studying the same information several times over a few weeks。

　　想要形成長(zhǎng)期的記憶，你需要突破死記硬背。你必須對(duì)詞匯和術(shù)語的概念形成更深入的了解。這種長(zhǎng)期記憶和短期記憶不同，你需要堅(jiān)持反復(fù)學(xué)習(xí)相同的知識(shí)。

　　4.Use Music and Actions 善用音樂和動(dòng)作

　　The more active you become when it comes to studying， the more you will be able to commit the information to memory。 If you’re studying foreign language (or any other subject that requires you to learn new vocabulary) it seems that singing is helpful。

　　學(xué)習(xí)時(shí)你越積極認(rèn)真，就越容易形成長(zhǎng)期記憶。如果你正學(xué)習(xí)外語(或任何其他需要學(xué)習(xí)新詞匯的科目，唱歌可能是有幫助的。

　　Singing new vocabulary and definitions taps in to your auditory learning skills and helps you recall more readily， according to one study。 It’s certainly worth a try!

　　值得一試的是，一項(xiàng)研究表明將新詞匯和定義唱成歌曲可以幫助你記住更多的內(nèi)容。

　　Another study shows that you can benefit by taking your class notes by hand instead of using a keyboard to type your notes。 The act of writing words out by hand enhances the comprehension of concepts。 In one study， students who took notes on a computer could recall facts as well as those who used hand-written notes， but they could not grasp concepts nearly as well as the pen-and-paper students。

　　另一項(xiàng)研究顯示，相比鍵盤錄入筆記，手寫筆記會(huì)更有效率。手寫筆記可以提高對(duì)概念的理解能力。在一項(xiàng)研究中，使用電腦做筆記的同學(xué)回憶的內(nèi)容與手寫筆記的同學(xué)會(huì)議的內(nèi)容相當(dāng)，但是前者對(duì)概念的掌握能力不及后者。

　　5.Use a Sleep Strategy 使用適當(dāng)?shù)乃�眠策�?/strong>